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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Irrationale Zahl</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="vorlage_zeichen thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="darkmode-hintergrundfarbe-passiv" style="padding: 0.2em 0.6em; background: #E0F0FF; color:#202122; border: 1px solid var(--dewiki-rahmenfarbe1); font-size: 2.5rem; line-height: 1.25em;"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b6fd71ef4234ec6b082406bf213894f4592bdf1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.681ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
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<mo class="MJX-variant">∖<!-- ∖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b6fd71ef4234ec6b082406bf213894f4592bdf1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.681ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span> steht für die Menge<br>der <i>irrationalen Zahlen</i><br>innerhalb <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/786849c765da7a84dbc3cce43e96aad58a5868dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>H 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div>
<div class="vorlage_zeichen thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="darkmode-hintergrundfarbe-passiv" style="padding: 0.2em 0.6em; background: #E0F0FF; color:#202122; border: 1px solid var(--dewiki-rahmenfarbe1); font-size: 2.5rem; line-height: 1.25em;"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
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<mo class="MJX-variant">∖<!-- ∖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b9b035ddc01f3c2916495b9677bf5359c9577073.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.681ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo class="MJX-variant">∖<!-- ∖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b9b035ddc01f3c2916495b9677bf5359c9577073.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.681ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span> steht für die Menge<br>der <i>irrationalen Zahlen</i><br>innerhalb <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span>.</div></div></div>
<p>In der <a href="Mathematik" title="Mathematik">Mathematik</a> heißt eine <a href="Reelle_Zahl" title="Reelle Zahl">reelle</a> oder <a href="Komplexe_Zahl" title="Komplexe Zahl">komplexe Zahl</a> <b>irrational</b>, wenn sie keine <a href="Rationale_Zahl" title="Rationale Zahl">rationale Zahl</a> ist. Kennzeichen einer irrationalen <a href="Zahl" title="Zahl">Zahl</a> ist also, dass sie nicht als <a href="Quotient" title="Quotient">Quotient</a> zweier <a href="Ganze_Zahl" title="Ganze Zahl">ganzer Zahlen</a> darstellbar ist.
</p><p>In der <a href="Dezimalschreibweise" class="mw-redirect" title="Dezimalschreibweise">Dezimalschreibweise</a> werden irrationale Zahlen mit einer <a href="Dezimalbruch#Periode" title="Dezimalbruch">nicht-periodischen</a> <a href="Unendliche_Folge" class="mw-redirect" title="Unendliche Folge">unendlichen Folge</a> von Dezimalstellen dargestellt (z. B. 0,10110111011110…), d. h., sie sind unendliche nicht-periodische <a href="Dezimalbruch" title="Dezimalbruch">Dezimalbrüche</a>.
</p><p>Wenngleich umgangssprachlich mit dem <a href="Wort" title="Wort">Wort</a> <i>irrational</i> etwas assoziiert wird, was gegen die „Ratio“, also gegen die <a href="Vernunft" title="Vernunft">Vernunft</a> gerichtet ist, so bezieht sich hier der <a href="Begriff" title="Begriff">Begriff</a> der <i>irrationalen Zahl</i> jedoch auf den Begriff „Ratio“ im Sinne eines Verhältnisses zweier Zahlen.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Bekannte irrationale Zahlen sind die <a href="Eulersche_Zahl" title="Eulersche Zahl">Eulersche Zahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\rm {e}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
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</mrow>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\rm {e}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b822e4c5f3fdbac6efdd917dcd63032067a8106.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.032ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\rm {e}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und die <a href="Kreiszahl" title="Kreiszahl">Kreiszahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9be4ba0bb8df3af72e90a0535fabcc17431e540a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.332ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi }" loading="lazy"></span>, die darüber hinaus <a href="Transzendente_Zahl" title="Transzendente Zahl">transzendent</a> sind. Auch die <a href="Wurzel_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Wurzel 2">Quadratwurzel aus Zwei</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4afc1e27d418021bf10898eb44a7f5f315735ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.098ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und das <a href="Verh%C3%A4ltnis_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Verhältnis (Mathematik)">Teilungsverhältnis</a> des <a href="Goldener_Schnitt" title="Goldener Schnitt">Goldenen Schnitts</a> sind irrationale Zahlen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Eine <a href="Reelle_Zahl" title="Reelle Zahl">reelle Zahl</a> heißt <i>irrational</i>, wenn sie nicht als Bruch zweier <a href="Ganze_Zahl" title="Ganze Zahl">ganzer Zahlen</a> dargestellt werden kann; sie kann nicht als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {p}{q}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {p}{q}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b38d2684323653daafdd152b7e988594003897d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:1.663ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {p}{q}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p,q\in \mathbb {Z} ,\;q\neq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
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<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
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<mi>q</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p,q\in \mathbb {Z} ,\;q\neq 0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/20df0dd5b89c28d2d2b3199b015919342c64a506.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:14.763ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p,q\in \mathbb {Z} ,\;q\neq 0}" loading="lazy"></span> geschrieben werden.
</p><p>Im Gegensatz zu <a href="Rationale_Zahl" title="Rationale Zahl">rationalen Zahlen</a>, die als endliche oder periodische <a href="Dezimalzahl" title="Dezimalzahl">Dezimalzahlen</a> dargestellt werden können, sind irrationale Zahlen solche, deren Dezimaldarstellung weder abbricht, noch periodisch ist.
</p><p>Es gibt zwei Arten von Irrationalzahlen:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Algebraische_Zahl" title="Algebraische Zahl">Algebraische Zahlen</a>, etwa <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1+{\sqrt[{3}]{5}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mroot>
<mn>5</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</mroot>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1+{\sqrt[{3}]{5}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e9c19b9825168210bb0efc208ecdca59586204a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.101ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1+{\sqrt[{3}]{5}}}" loading="lazy"></span> oder quadratische <a href="Wurzel_(Mathematik)" title="Wurzel (Mathematik)">Wurzeln</a> aus Nicht-<a href="Quadratzahl" title="Quadratzahl">Quadratzahlen</a> wie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4afc1e27d418021bf10898eb44a7f5f315735ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.098ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
<ul><li>algebraische irrationale Zahlen, die quadratische Gleichungen lösen, nennt man <i>quadratisch irrationale</i> Zahlen</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Transzendente_Zahl" title="Transzendente Zahl">Transzendente Zahlen</a>, etwa die <a href="Kreiszahl" title="Kreiszahl">Kreiszahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi =3{,}14159\ldots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3,141</mn>
<mn>59</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi =3{,}14159\ldots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cbc665f4d35bb53d285e908662aa1921975bb8f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.162ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi =3{,}14159\ldots }" loading="lazy"></span> oder die <a href="Eulersche_Zahl" title="Eulersche Zahl">Eulersche Zahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\rm {e=2{,}71828\ldots }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2,718</mn>
<mn>28</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\rm {e=2{,}71828\ldots }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/decdacaa8d0b4374cbf2cfdb39bb77ff6980af75.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.863ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\rm {e=2{,}71828\ldots }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
<ul><li>Weil jede rationale Zahl algebraisch – um genau zu sein, algebraisch vom Grad 1 – ist, ist jede reelle transzendente Zahl irrational.</li></ul></li></ul>
<p>Die Menge der irrationalen Zahlen lässt sich als <a href="Differenzmenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Differenzmenge">Differenzmenge</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo class="MJX-variant">∖<!-- ∖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b6fd71ef4234ec6b082406bf213894f4592bdf1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.681ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span> schreiben, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/786849c765da7a84dbc3cce43e96aad58a5868dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> die Menge der reellen Zahlen und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5909f0b54e4718fa24d5fd34d54189d24a66e9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.808ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span> die Menge der rationalen Zahlen bezeichnet.
</p><p>In der <a href="Zahlentheorie" title="Zahlentheorie">Zahlentheorie</a>, wo sich viele Untersuchungen in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span>, dem <a href="K%C3%B6rper_der_komplexen_Zahlen" class="mw-redirect" title="Körper der komplexen Zahlen">Körper der komplexen Zahlen</a>, abspielen, versteht man hingegen unter einer irrationalen Zahl nicht selten eine Zahl aus der Differenzmenge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo class="MJX-variant">∖<!-- ∖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b9b035ddc01f3c2916495b9677bf5359c9577073.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.681ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span>. Insbesondere ist in diesem Sinne jede <a href="Rein_imagin%C3%A4re_Zahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Rein imaginäre Zahl">rein imaginäre Zahl</a> - und speziell die <a href="Imagin%C3%A4re_Einheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaginäre Einheit">imaginäre Einheit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18f0f09f6fc40e634d34aed6e205ac0f7a40e062.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.647ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {i} }" loading="lazy"></span> ! - eine irrationale Zahl.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entdeckung_der_Irrationalität"><span id="Entdeckung_der_Irrationalit.C3.A4t"></span>Entdeckung der Irrationalität</h2></div>
<p>Den ersten Beweis für irrationale Größenverhältnisse gab es in der griechischen Antike im 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr. bei den <a href="Pythagoreer" title="Pythagoreer">Pythagoreern</a>. Definitionen für irrationale Zahlen, die den heutigen Ansprüchen an Exaktheit genügen, finden sich bereits in den <i><a href="Euklids_Elemente" class="mw-redirect" title="Euklids Elemente">Elementen</a></i> von <a href="Euklid" title="Euklid">Euklid</a>. Übersetzungen in die heutige Sprache der Mathematik gaben zuerst <a href="Karl_Weierstra%C3%9F" title="Karl Weierstraß">Karl Weierstraß</a> und <a href="Richard_Dedekind" title="Richard Dedekind">Richard Dedekind</a> an.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Hat man ein <a href="Quadrat" title="Quadrat">Quadrat</a> mit der Seitenlänge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}" loading="lazy"></span> und berechnet dessen <a href="Diagonale_(Geometrie)" title="Diagonale (Geometrie)">Diagonale</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}" loading="lazy"></span>, folgt aus dem <a href="Satz_des_Pythagoras" title="Satz des Pythagoras">Satz des Pythagoras</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d^{2}=1^{2}+1^{2},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d^{2}=1^{2}+1^{2},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b3a72fb0ca3cbaf0d6b11b7fc79297790a15816d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.291ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d^{2}=1^{2}+1^{2},}" loading="lazy"></span> also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d^{2}=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d^{2}=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f967f5db5c20feb8046fca6d69f8e628ab2289e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.533ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d^{2}=2}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die positive Lösung dieser Gleichung bezeichnet man heute mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4afc1e27d418021bf10898eb44a7f5f315735ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.098ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Für griechische Mathematiker stellte sich die Frage, ob sich die Länge dieser Diagonalen exakt durch ein Verhältnis zweier <a href="Nat%C3%BCrliche_Zahl" title="Natürliche Zahl">natürlicher Zahlen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" loading="lazy"></span>, also einen <a href="Rationale_Zahl" title="Rationale Zahl">Bruch</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p/q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p/q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8fa5bd4cf049744deac0ac4a04c07998bd6befa9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:3.491ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p/q}" loading="lazy"></span>, darstellen lässt. Schon <a href="Euklids_Beweis_f%C3%BCr_Irrationalit%C3%A4t_von_Wurzel_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Euklids Beweis für Irrationalität von Wurzel 2">Euklid bewies</a> durch Widerspruch, dass dies unmöglich ist; sein Beweis wird heute noch in der Schule gelehrt. Ob die Entdeckung der Irrationalität durch Anwendung des pythagoräischen Lehrsatzes auf ein Quadrat erfolgte oder, wie <a href="Kurt_von_Fritz" title="Kurt von Fritz">Kurt von Fritz</a> meinte, durch stetige Teilung am <a href="Pentagramm" title="Pentagramm">Pentagramm</a>, ist unbekannt.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die ältere wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Forschung nahm an, dass die Entdeckung der Irrationalität zu einer Grundlagenkrise der damaligen griechischen Mathematik oder der pythagoreischen Zahlenlehre führte. Man sei nämlich vorher von der Grundvoraussetzung ausgegangen, dass alles durch ganzzahlige Zahlverhältnisse ausdrückbar sei, und die Widerlegung dieser Ansicht habe das Weltbild der Pythagoreer erschüttert. Damit wurde eine antike Legende in Zusammenhang gebracht, wonach der Pythagoreer <a href="Hippasos_von_Metapont" title="Hippasos von Metapont">Hippasos von Metapont</a> im 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr. durch die schriftliche Bekanntmachung dieser Entdeckung einen Geheimnisverrat begangen habe und später im Meer ertrunken sei, was als göttliche Strafe gedeutet wurde. Ein Teil der Quellen überliefert, Hippasos selbst habe die Irrationalität entdeckt. Wissenschaftshistoriker gehen heute davon aus, dass es eine solche Krise nicht gegeben hat und die Irrationalität nicht als Geheimnis betrachtet wurde. Eine mögliche Erklärung der Verratslegende ist, dass sie durch ein Missverständnis entstand, weil das griechische Eigenschaftswort, das für „irrational“ (im mathematischen Sinn) verwendet wurde, zugleich die Bedeutungen „unsagbar“ und „geheim“ hatte.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tatsache ist aber auch, dass sich die griechische Mathematik in der Zeit nach Hippasos grundlegend veränderte.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zahlen,_deren_Irrationalität_bewiesen_ist"><span id="Zahlen.2C_deren_Irrationalit.C3.A4t_bewiesen_ist"></span>Zahlen, deren Irrationalität bewiesen ist</h2></div>
<ul><li>Schon der Pythagoreer <a href="Archytas_von_Tarent" title="Archytas von Tarent">Archytas von Tarent</a> bewies die Irrationalität von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {m+1}{m}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {m+1}{m}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a4cd0c2c86feb7ba8f5e3c7b44ab6a86fdd0442.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:6.703ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {m+1}{m}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> für natürliche Zahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span>. Der Beweis für den Fall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b6100c5ebd48c6fd848709f2be624465203eb173.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.301ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m=1}" loading="lazy"></span> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4afc1e27d418021bf10898eb44a7f5f315735ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.098ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>) ist in Euklids Elementen überliefert (<a href="Beweis_der_Irrationalit%C3%A4t_der_Wurzel_aus_2_bei_Euklid" title="Beweis der Irrationalität der Wurzel aus 2 bei Euklid">Euklids Beweis der Irrationalität der Wurzel aus 2</a>). Den Satz des Archytas verallgemeinerte Euklid selbst in seiner Musiktheorie, in der er die Irrationalität beliebiger Wurzeln <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt[{n}]{\tfrac {m+1}{m}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mroot>
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mi>m</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</mroot>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt[{n}]{\tfrac {m+1}{m}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ca3864b8b0e7089d0adf4aa06c0952e392781d5d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:6.703ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt[{n}]{\tfrac {m+1}{m}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> bewies.</li>
<li>Eine weitere wichtige quadratische Irrationalität ist der <a href="Goldener_Schnitt" title="Goldener Schnitt">Goldene Schnitt</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \Phi ={\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Φ<!-- Φ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>5</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \Phi ={\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/416b4bccde258e12acce8c7869b6ca46b77f4553.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:9.904ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \Phi ={\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Die <a href="Eulersche_Zahl" title="Eulersche Zahl">Eulersche Zahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a1f6ea7bf1c1e53e8200cb7e2917ccb23df457b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.032ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }" loading="lazy"></span> ist irrational. Dies wurde von <a href="Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> 1737 <a href="Beweis_der_Irrationalit%C3%A4t_der_eulerschen_Zahl" title="Beweis der Irrationalität der eulerschen Zahl">bewiesen</a>. Ihre <a href="Transzendente_Zahl" title="Transzendente Zahl">Transzendenz</a> wurde 1873 von <a href="Charles_Hermite" title="Charles Hermite">Charles Hermite</a> bewiesen.</li>
<li>1761 bewies <a href="Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> die Irrationalität der <a href="Kreiszahl" title="Kreiszahl">Kreiszahl</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9be4ba0bb8df3af72e90a0535fabcc17431e540a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.332ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi }" loading="lazy"></span>, ihre Transzendenz wurde 1882 von <a href="Ferdinand_von_Lindemann" title="Ferdinand von Lindemann">Ferdinand von Lindemann</a> bewiesen.</li>
<li>Die nichtganzzahligen Nullstellen eines normierten Polynomes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x^{n}+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\dotsb +a_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x^{n}+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\dotsb +a_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/daf488dc2dcb60fee1f3199323031fa3ade37278.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:25.274ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x^{n}+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\dotsb +a_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit ganzzahligen Koeffizienten sind irrational. Insbesondere sind die Quadratwurzeln aus Nichtquadratzahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}},{\sqrt {3}},{\sqrt {5}},{\sqrt {6}},\dotsc }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>5</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>6</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}},{\sqrt {3}},{\sqrt {5}},{\sqrt {6}},\dotsc }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3be453006a1bd3cf0cd0e5029c7b2246c92bc029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:19.252ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}},{\sqrt {3}},{\sqrt {5}},{\sqrt {6}},\dotsc }" loading="lazy"></span> irrational.</li>
<li>Im Jahr 1979 bewies <a href="Roger_Ap%C3%A9ry" title="Roger Apéry">Roger Apéry</a> die Irrationalität der <a href="Ap%C3%A9ry-Konstante" title="Apéry-Konstante">Apéry-Konstante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \zeta (3)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n^{3}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \zeta (3)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n^{3}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c785f1e40015ddd89121a1816c8c6f264848e1e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:15.979ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \zeta (3)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n^{3}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\rm {e^{\alpha }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\rm {e^{\alpha }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5dbbc795e2f7922a874ebde93f2e9f82f2f26bf1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.317ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\rm {e^{\alpha }}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist für jede algebraische Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\alpha }\neq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\alpha }\neq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95cf8ca51043e11415424e4071eb8becdb1204ee.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.749ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\alpha }\neq 0}" loading="lazy"></span> transzendent (siehe <a href="Satz_von_Lindemann-Weierstra%C3%9F" title="Satz von Lindemann-Weierstraß">Satz von Lindemann-Weierstraß</a>)</li>
<li>Die Transzendenz (und damit die Irrationalität) der <a href="Gelfond-Konstante" title="Gelfond-Konstante">Gelfond-Konstanten</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\rm {e^{\pi }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\rm {e^{\pi }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e2ee2a8dda533487c2118dff3b90dabcbb6f7a9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.207ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\rm {e^{\pi }}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und die der <a href="Gelfond-Schneider-Konstante" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelfond-Schneider-Konstante">Gelfond-Schneider-Konstanten</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2fe00689bdab9da3d6cd6015ca5e26c5702eaf22.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.586ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> sowie die deren <a href="Quadratwurzel" title="Quadratwurzel">Quadratwurzel</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}}={\sqrt {2^{\sqrt {2}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}}={\sqrt {2^{\sqrt {2}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a660ec59ea7b1b32c555a02ed82e7247a1993d30.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:14.529ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}}={\sqrt {2^{\sqrt {2}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> folgen aus dem <a href="Satz_von_Gelfond-Schneider" title="Satz von Gelfond-Schneider">Satz von Gelfond-Schneider</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>H 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Die <a href="Lemniskatische_Konstante" title="Lemniskatische Konstante">lemniskatische Konstante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varpi =2{,}622057\ldots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϖ<!-- ϖ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2,622</mn>
<mn>057</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varpi =2{,}622057\ldots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cceb7a00f97594102f9004b50e6b6e95f87790bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.917ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varpi =2{,}622057\ldots }" loading="lazy"></span> ist transzendent (<a href="Theodor_Schneider_(Mathematiker)" title="Theodor Schneider (Mathematiker)">Theodor Schneider</a>, 1937).</li>
<li>Im Jahr 1963 bewies <a href="Solomon_W._Golomb" title="Solomon W. Golomb">Solomon W. Golomb</a> die Irrationalität der Summe der <a href="Kehrwert" title="Kehrwert">Kehrwerte</a> aller <a href="Fermat-Zahl" title="Fermat-Zahl">Fermat-Zahlen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>H 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Alle <a href="Liouvillesche_Zahl" title="Liouvillesche Zahl">liouvilleschen Zahlen</a> sind transzendent und damit irrational.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan a\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan a\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/249420316f96ca41c7e451d827ebf2697d4a0739.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.364ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan a\,}" loading="lazy"></span> ist für jede rationale Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\neq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\neq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f455a7f96d74aa94573d8e32da3b240ab0aa294f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.491ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\neq 0}" loading="lazy"></span> stets irrational, was wiederum wegen der Rationalität von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan \left({\tfrac {\pi }{4}}\right)=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan \left({\tfrac {\pi }{4}}\right)=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8fd2a4609e3b3a18faa6a997b1586bccb7e2dad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.174ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan \left({\tfrac {\pi }{4}}\right)=1}" loading="lazy"></span> die Irrationalität von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9be4ba0bb8df3af72e90a0535fabcc17431e540a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.332ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi }" loading="lazy"></span> nach sich zieht.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
<ul><li>Überdies ist nach dem <a href="Satz_von_Lindemann-Weierstra%C3%9F" title="Satz von Lindemann-Weierstraß">Satz von Lindemann-Weierstraß</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan a\,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan a\,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/249420316f96ca41c7e451d827ebf2697d4a0739.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.364ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan a\,}" loading="lazy"></span> für jede algebraische (und damit auch für jede rationale) Zahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\neq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\neq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f455a7f96d74aa94573d8e32da3b240ab0aa294f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.491ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\neq 0}" loading="lazy"></span> transzendent.</li></ul></li>
<li>Bewiesen ist ebenfalls, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\left(\Gamma \left({\tfrac {1}{4}}\right)\right)^{2}}{\sqrt[{4\,}]{\pi }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mroot>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
</mrow>
</mroot>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\left(\Gamma \left({\tfrac {1}{4}}\right)\right)^{2}}{\sqrt[{4\,}]{\pi }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/178dd4f044e6bdf0c208877d6ad1afb240800a76.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:9.191ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\left(\Gamma \left({\tfrac {1}{4}}\right)\right)^{2}}{\sqrt[{4\,}]{\pi }}}}" loading="lazy"></span> als transzendente Zahl irrational ist, während die Irrationalität von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma \left({\tfrac {1}{4}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma \left({\tfrac {1}{4}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd6589edcd982886819ff1905c29ba43080eccd2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.273ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma \left({\tfrac {1}{4}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> fraglich ist.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zahlen,_deren_Irrationalität_vermutet_wird"><span id="Zahlen.2C_deren_Irrationalit.C3.A4t_vermutet_wird"></span>Zahlen, deren Irrationalität vermutet wird</h2></div>
<ul><li>Die Irrationalität der Zahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi +\mathrm {e} ,\pi -\mathrm {e} ,\pi \cdot \mathrm {e} ,\pi /\mathrm {e} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi +\mathrm {e} ,\pi -\mathrm {e} ,\pi \cdot \mathrm {e} ,\pi /\mathrm {e} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95c40277736aa4255617c91f3094182b57c543be.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.082ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi +\mathrm {e} ,\pi -\mathrm {e} ,\pi \cdot \mathrm {e} ,\pi /\mathrm {e} }" loading="lazy"></span> wird vermutet, ist aber noch nicht bewiesen. Man kann aber leicht sehen, dass mindestens eine von einer beliebigen Paarbildung irrational sein muss. Dies gilt allgemein für zwei beliebige transzendente Zahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aef051eb30c89e5493d672f6479566c673b0890a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.644ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b.}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>Für kein einziges Paar ganzer, von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span> verschiedener Zahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> ist bekannt, ob <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m\cdot \pi +n\cdot \mathrm {e} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m\cdot \pi +n\cdot \mathrm {e} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/42aedca4b2155593531f6af63d8ab5639a2bf3e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m\cdot \pi +n\cdot \mathrm {e} }" loading="lazy"></span> irrational ist. Bekannt ist jedoch, dass im Falle der Existenz rationaler Linearkombinationen der Wert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m/n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m/n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2eebcb27a9df80445dbe86eefee5d131d6e0e7e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.598ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m/n}" loading="lazy"></span> einen konstanten Wert annimmt.</li>
<li>Weiterhin ist unbekannt, ob <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{\mathrm {e} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{\mathrm {e} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18315d3c00d32fe98ca3cae3dc1761e67af6b05a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.125ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{\mathrm {e} }}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi ^{\mathrm {e} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi ^{\mathrm {e} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/15cb394e989cb19403c1ff124d9cddd0305f972c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.296ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi ^{\mathrm {e} }}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi ^{\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi ^{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1bf856484c8277fb3aec5271829d51c32de27ca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.757ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi ^{\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi ^{\pi }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi ^{\pi }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fca51740a9e8de79288a41996457b7f76861bc9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.508ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi ^{\pi }}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {e} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {e} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17e0f0c1063832d7e91056cebff7306974fc4155.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.995ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {e} }}" loading="lazy"></span>, die <a href="Catalansche_Konstante" title="Catalansche Konstante">Catalansche Konstante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G=0{,}91596\ldots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0,915</mn>
<mn>96</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G=0{,}91596\ldots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1b9e4ee0d3de6de29c3fb3ee456234427284bb3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.657ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G=0{,}91596\ldots }" loading="lazy"></span> oder die <a href="Euler-Mascheroni-Konstante" title="Euler-Mascheroni-Konstante">Euler-Mascheroni-Konstante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma =0{,}57721\ldots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0,577</mn>
<mn>21</mn>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma =0{,}57721\ldots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0df9d57c5d8402046c5823bf63a1d9dd2e084321.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.093ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma =0{,}57721\ldots }" loading="lazy"></span> irrational sind.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_Überabzählbarkeit_der_irrationalen_Zahlen"><span id="Die_.C3.9Cberabz.C3.A4hlbarkeit_der_irrationalen_Zahlen"></span>Die Überabzählbarkeit der irrationalen Zahlen</h2></div>
<p>Wie das <a href="Cantor-Diagonalisierung" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantor-Diagonalisierung">erste Diagonalargument von Cantor</a> zeigt, ist die Menge der rationalen Zahlen <a href="Abz%C3%A4hlbare_Menge" title="Abzählbare Menge">abzählbar</a>. Es gibt also eine <a href="Folge_(Mathematik)" title="Folge (Mathematik)">Folge</a> rationaler Zahlen, die jede rationale Zahl enthält. <a href="Cantors_zweites_Diagonalargument" title="Cantors zweites Diagonalargument">Cantors zweites Diagonalargument</a> beweist, dass es <a href="%C3%9Cberabz%C3%A4hlbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Überabzählbar">überabzählbar</a> viele reelle Zahlen gibt. Das bedeutet gleichzeitig, dass es überabzählbar viele irrationale Zahlen geben muss;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>H 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> denn andernfalls wären die reellen Zahlen als Vereinigung zweier abzählbarer Mengen selbst abzählbar.
</p><p>Cantor hat weiter gezeigt, dass auch die Menge der <a href="Algebraische_Zahl" title="Algebraische Zahl">algebraischen Zahlen</a>, wozu alle Wurzelausdrücke gehören, noch abzählbar ist. Darüber hinaus gilt, dass die algebraische <a href="H%C3%BCllenoperator" title="Hüllenoperator">Hülle</a> jeder abzählbaren Teilmenge der reellen oder komplexen Zahlen (solche Mengen können insbesondere aus transzendenten Zahlen bestehen) ebenfalls abzählbar ist, also sicher nicht alle reellen Zahlen enthält.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irrationale_Exponenten">Irrationale Exponenten</h2></div>
<p>Es gilt der Satz, dass in jedem Falle irrationale Zahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a,b\in \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo class="MJX-variant">∖<!-- ∖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a,b\in \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/434471a6db99afe9aa2ab0e64373dec7b5344d48.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.783ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a,b\in \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span> existieren derart, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{b}\in \mathbb {Q} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Q</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{b}\in \mathbb {Q} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/97aadc76d7b3e9c2f253dd8ac4f9e8674d427d71.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.816ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{b}\in \mathbb {Q} }" loading="lazy"></span>, also rational ist.
</p><p>Ein eleganter Beweis hierfür geht auf Dov Jarden<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aus dem Jahr 1953 zurück:
</p><p>Seien zunächst
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=b={\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=b={\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8cfa96b1d5656c4b847bb84ab943a71ab20bcd08.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.523ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=b={\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gesetzt. Die Zahl
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{b}={\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{b}={\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b5ed062e461f1cc72b8ff2c6a66d12608d1e89b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.787ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{b}={\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ist nach dem <a href="Satz_vom_ausgeschlossenen_Dritten" title="Satz vom ausgeschlossenen Dritten">Satz vom ausgeschlossenen Dritten</a> entweder rational oder irrational.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>H 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falls sie rational ist, ist die Aussage bereits gezeigt.
</p><p>Ist sie indes irrational, so setzt man neu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a={\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a={\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/13f6488178e1b6646218dd6a631bfd4f668f087e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.85ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a={\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und behält
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b={\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b={\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e9ec1aee3feb4d5e7c32b13d22bbf9bb52d16c86.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.194ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b={\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bei. Man gewinnt dann die Zahl
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{b}={({\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}})}^{\sqrt {2}}={\sqrt {2}}^{({\sqrt {2}}\cdot {\sqrt {2}})}={({\sqrt {2}})}^{2}=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{b}={({\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}})}^{\sqrt {2}}={\sqrt {2}}^{({\sqrt {2}}\cdot {\sqrt {2}})}={({\sqrt {2}})}^{2}=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/99eb0beebee317034fa71016267e5746a50a951a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:40.889ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{b}={({\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}})}^{\sqrt {2}}={\sqrt {2}}^{({\sqrt {2}}\cdot {\sqrt {2}})}={({\sqrt {2}})}^{2}=2}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Und diese ist als <a href="Nat%C3%BCrliche_Zahl" title="Natürliche Zahl">natürliche Zahl</a> auch rational, womit die Aussage bewiesen ist.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Kurz gesagt gilt: Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a={\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a={\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/13f6488178e1b6646218dd6a631bfd4f668f087e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.85ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a={\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht schon rational, so ist es <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7862b25c9f748e52fa8057c7de44543308413d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.653ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Peter_Bundschuh" title="Peter Bundschuh">Peter Bundschuh</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Einführung in die Zahlentheorie</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">Springer-Lehrbuch</cite>). 6., überarbeitete und aktualisierte Auflage. Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-76490-8.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Irrationale+Zahl&rft.au=Peter+Bundschuh&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+Zahlentheorie&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=6.%2C+%C3%BCberarbeitete+und+aktualisierte&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783540764908&rft.place=Berlin+%2F+Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.series=Springer-Lehrbuch" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li><a href="John_H._Conway" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Conway">John H. Conway</a>, <a href="Richard_K._Guy" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard K. Guy">Richard K. Guy</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Zahlenzauber: Von natürlichen, imaginären und anderen Zahlen</cite>. Aus dem Amerikan. von Manfred Stern. Springer Basel AG, Basel 1967, ISBN 978-3-0348-6085-7, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-6084-0">10.1007/978-3-0348-6084-0</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Irrationale+Zahl&rft.au=John+H.+Conway%2C+Richard+K.+Guy&rft.btitle=Zahlenzauber%3A+Von+nat%C3%BCrlichen%2C+imagin%C3%A4ren+und+anderen+Zahlen&rft.date=1967&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-0348-6084-0&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783034860857&rft.place=Basel&rft.pub=Springer+Basel+AG" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Steven R. Finch: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mathematical Constants</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>94</span>). <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, Cambridge [u. a.] 2003, ISBN 0-521-81805-2.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Irrationale+Zahl&rft.au=Steven+R.+Finch&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Constants&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0521818052&rft.place=Cambridge+%5Bu.+a.%5D&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+Mathematics+and+its+Applications" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Tom Müller: <cite style="font-style:italic">Irrationalitätsbeweise</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">Berliner Studienreihe zur Mathematik</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>25</span>). <a href="Heldermann_Verlag" title="Heldermann Verlag">Heldermann Verlag</a>, Lemgo 2014, ISBN 978-3-88538-125-9.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Irrationale+Zahl&rft.au=Tom+M%C3%BCller&rft.btitle=Irrationalit%C3%A4tsbeweise&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783885381259&rft.place=Lemgo&rft.pub=Heldermann+Verlag&rft.series=Berliner+Studienreihe+zur+Mathematik" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li><a href="Oskar_Perron" title="Oskar Perron">Oskar Perron</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Irrationalzahlen</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">Göschens Lehrbücherei, I. Gruppe</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>). 4., durchgesehene und ergänzte Auflage. <a href="Walter_de_Gruyter_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter & Co.">Walter de Gruyter & Co.</a>, Berlin 1960.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Irrationale+Zahl&rft.au=Oskar+Perron&rft.btitle=Irrationalzahlen&rft.date=1960&rft.edition=4.%2C+durchgesehene+und+erg%C3%A4nzte&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+%26+Co.&rft.series=G%C3%B6schens+Lehrb%C3%BCcherei%2C+I.+Gruppe" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li><a href="Harald_Scheid" title="Harald Scheid">Harald Scheid</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Zahlentheorie</cite>. 3. Auflage. <a href="Spektrum_Akademischer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Spektrum Akademischer Verlag">Spektrum Akademischer Verlag</a>, Heidelberg / Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-8274-1365-6.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Irrationale+Zahl&rft.au=Harald+Scheid&rft.btitle=Zahlentheorie&rft.date=2003&rft.edition=3.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3827413656&rft.place=Heidelberg+%2F+Berlin&rft.pub=Spektrum+Akademischer+Verlag" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li><a href="Carl_Ludwig_Siegel" title="Carl Ludwig Siegel">Carl Ludwig Siegel</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Transzendente Zahlen</cite>. Übersetzung aus dem Englischen von B. Fuchssteiner und <a href="Detlef_Laugwitz" title="Detlef Laugwitz">D. Laugwitz</a> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">BI-Hochschultaschenbücher</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>137*</span>). <a href="Bibliographisches_Institut" title="Bibliographisches Institut">Bibliographisches Institut</a>, Mannheim 1967 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/0167.32202">Eintrag im Zentralblatt (0167.32202)</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Irrationale+Zahl&rft.au=Carl+Ludwig+Siegel&rft.btitle=Transzendente+Zahlen&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Mannheim&rft.pub=Bibliographisches+Institut&rft.series=BI-Hochschultaschenb%C3%BCcher" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Irrational_numbers?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Irrationale Zahlen</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/mathematik/irrationale-zahl/7118">Eintrag <b>irrationale Zahl</b> im Lexikon der Mathematik (2017)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Irrational_number">Eintrag <b>Irrational number</b> in der Encyclopedia of Mathematics (EoM)</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jürgen Koch, Martin Stämpfle: <i>Mathematik für das Ingenieurstudium.</i> 4. Auflage. Hanser, 2018, S. 29.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucio Russo: <i>Die vergessene Revolution oder die Wiedergeburt des antiken Wissens.</i> Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2005, ISBN 978-3-540-20938-6, S. 53–56.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Burkert: <i>Weisheit und Wissenschaft. Studien zu Pythagoras, Philolaos und Platon.</i> Carl, Nürnberg 1962, S. 430–440.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Burkert: <i>Weisheit und Wissenschaft. Studien zu Pythagoras, Philolaos und Platon.</i> Carl, Nürnberg 1962, S. 436 f.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Apéry: <cite style="font-style:italic">Irrationalité de ζ (2) et ζ (3)</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Astérisque</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>61</span>, 1979, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11–13</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Irrationale+Zahl&rft.atitle=Irrationalit%C3%A9+de+%CE%B6+%282%29++et+%CE%B6+%283%29&rft.au=Roger+Ap%C3%A9ry&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=61&rft.jtitle=Ast%C3%A9risque&rft.pages=11-13" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a href="Solomon_W._Golomb" title="Solomon W. Golomb">Solomon W. Golomb</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321234733/http://cms.math.ca/openaccess/cjm/v15/cjm1963v15.0475-0478.pdf"><i>On the sum of the reciprocals of the Fermat numbers and related irrationalities.</i></a> <a href="Canadian_Mathematical_Society" title="Canadian Mathematical Society">Canad. J. Math.</a>, Vol. <b>15</b>, 1963, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">S. 475–478</span>, archiviert vom <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r250917974">
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</style><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcms.math.ca%2Fopenaccess%2Fcjm%2Fv15%2Fcjm1963v15.0475-0478.pdf">Original</a></span> am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">21. März 2016</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 9. August 2016</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AIrrationale+Zahl&rft.title=On+the+sum+of+the+reciprocals+of+the+Fermat+numbers+and+related+irrationalities&rft.description=On+the+sum+of+the+reciprocals+of+the+Fermat+numbers+and+related+irrationalities&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160321234733%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fcms.math.ca%2Fopenaccess%2Fcjm%2Fv15%2Fcjm1963v15.0475-0478.pdf&rft.creator=%5B%5BSolomon+W.+Golomb%5D%5D&rft.publisher=%5B%5BCanadian+Mathematical+Society%7CCanad.+J.+Math.%5D%5D%2C+Vol.+%27%27%2715%27%27%27&rft.date=1963&rft.source=https://cms.math.ca/openaccess/cjm/v15/cjm1963v15.0475-0478.pdf"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Ludwig Siegel: <cite style="font-style:italic">Transzendente Zahlen</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">BI-Hochschultaschenbücher</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>137*</span>). Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim 1967, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>18</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Irrationale+Zahl&rft.au=Carl+Ludwig+Siegel&rft.btitle=Transzendente+Zahlen&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=18&rft.place=Mannheim&rft.pub=Bibliographisches+Institut&rft.series=BI-Hochschultaschenb%C3%BCcher" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Ludwig Siegel: <cite style="font-style:italic">Transzendente Zahlen</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">BI-Hochschultaschenbücher</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>137*</span>). Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim 1967, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>81</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Irrationale+Zahl&rft.au=Carl+Ludwig+Siegel&rft.btitle=Transzendente+Zahlen&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=81&rft.place=Mannheim&rft.pub=Bibliographisches+Institut&rft.series=BI-Hochschultaschenb%C3%BCcher" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3AJarden.dov">"Jarden, Dov" in der Datenbank <i>zbMATH Open</i></a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://queuea9.wordpress.com/2015/01/27/the-square-root-of-two-proof/"><i>The square root of two proof.</i></a> In: <i>QA9.</i> 27. Januar 2015,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 16. Juli 2024</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AIrrationale+Zahl&rft.title=The+square+root+of+two+proof&rft.description=The+square+root+of+two+proof&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fqueuea9.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F01%2F27%2Fthe-square-root-of-two-proof%2F&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinweise">Hinweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references" data-mw-group="H">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Für die Menge der irrationalen reellen Zahlen wird manchmal das Kürzel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {I} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">I</mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {I} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8205f06e0d279689ed04a1ac04a3d9c249c637df.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.905ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {I} }" loading="lazy"></span> verwandt.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
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</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2fe00689bdab9da3d6cd6015ca5e26c5702eaf22.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.586ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> transzendent ist, hat auch <a href="Carl_Ludwig_Siegel" title="Carl Ludwig Siegel">Carl Ludwig Siegel</a> bewiesen.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Es gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{F_{n}}}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{2^{n}}+1}}\approx 0{,}59606317211782167942379392586279}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
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</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
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<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
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</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
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<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>0,596</mn>
<mn>06317211782167942379392586279</mn>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{F_{n}}}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{2^{n}}+1}}\approx 0{,}59606317211782167942379392586279}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/62dcba759c76be2a195e2a27e6d3e97c24bf5dba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:64.259ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{F_{n}}}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{2^{n}}+1}}\approx 0{,}59606317211782167942379392586279}" loading="lazy"></span> (Folge <a href="https://oeis.org/A051158" class="extiw external" title="oeis:A051158">A051158</a> in <a href="On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences" title="On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences">OEIS</a>). </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Das bedeutet insbesondere, dass sich nicht alle irrationalen Zahlen „darstellen“ oder „berechnen“ lassen.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dass nach dem schon erwähnten Gelfond-Schneider'schen Satz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/50fb2611d11dbc1741aefae7aea2bd2b317a768f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.521ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> transzendent und damit insbesondere irrational ist, spielt für diesen Beweisgedanken keine Rolle.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<p><br>
</p>
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Normdaten (Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4162426-9">4162426-9</a></span> </div>
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